Efficiency of trigonometric levelling method for height differences determination is better than those determined by geometric levelling but its accuracy is significantly lower. Development of accuracy of geodetic instruments increases possibilities for improvement accuracy of trigonometric levelling.However, air refraction appears as ultimate limi...

By Milan Trifković, Žarko Nestorović

Before the electronic distance meters appears the angles measuring dominated in geodetic networks. Development of distance measuring technology and appearance of automated total stations almost equaled the efficiency of measuring angles and distances. This fact allows designer of geodetic networks to combine angles and distances in order to achieve...

By Žarko Nestorović, Milan Trifković, Tihomir Milutinović, Goran Pejičić, Gholami Hamidreza