Islamic architecture's impact on European design is a manifestation of centuries of cultural interaction, commerce, and conquest. Islamic architectural forms, including domes, arches, geometric patterns, and calligraphy, were introduced into European forms through contact in Spain, Sicily, and the Crusades. This research examines how Islamic archit...

By Nodir Karimov, Maqsad Maytakubov, Janjayxan Darmenov, Habibakhon Mamadalieva, Farrux Akchayev, Ilhom Karimov, Gullola Kurbanova