In the process of multi-party collaborative data sharing, the power grid supply chain system often faces security risks such as data islands, privacy leakage and tampering risks. It is urgent to establish a security management mechanism that takes into account efficiency and credibility. To this end, this study proposes a power grid supply chain data security management model that integrates a dual alliance chain architec-ture and an improved Boneh-Goh-Nissim algorithm. This model uses the business chain and the chain of custody to separate transaction processing and audit supervision, and ensures the traceability and non-repudiation of data interaction through cross-chain communication; it also completes multi-party security calculation and privacy protection of aggregated data based on the improved Boneh-Goh-Nissim algo-rithm. Experimental results show that in a typical power grid supply chain scenario, the model's data integrity verification rate reaches 99.2%, the average transaction delay is 1.36 seconds, the encryption and decryption time is reduced by 27.4% compared with the traditional algorithm, and the system throughput is increased to 1,450 transactions per second. The research results have effectively improved the data security and operating efficiency of the power grid supply chain system under cross-domain sharing conditions, and provided a scalable technical path for supply chain collaboration and big data governance in the power industry.
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