This paper outlines the design and development of a blockchain-secured pharmaceutical supply chain traceability system that uses IoT and cloud computing to overcome the major problems in pharmaceutical manufacturing, including counterfeiting, fraud, and regulatory compliance. The system consists of IoT equipment, such as RFID tags, environmental sensors, and GPS trackers, to allow tracking and monitoring of products in real-time by offering data integrity, transparency, and security through blockchain. A Smart contract and Proof of Authority consensus mechanism verify products and enforce regulations and efficiency in operation. The proposed system has been demonstrated to have a performance evaluation of 98.5 % traceability accuracy, a system response time of 2 seconds, and 100 % data integrity, which is a major improvement in terms of security and operational efficiency over traditional systems. The system is practical since it saves 30 % of the time spent on manual verification and nearly 30 % of product recalls. The most important statistical findings are the predictability of supply chain disruption 65% and the predictability of temperature variations 80% to ensure that products sensitive to environmental variations are stored properly. Although the proposed system presents a radical solution to pharmaceutical supply chain management, issues like high startup costs and scaling are still there. Future studies are needed to enhance the scalability of blockchains and lower the cost of IoT devices to enable smaller manufacturers to use this system.
Akhtar MM, Rizvi DR. Traceability and detection of counterfeit medicines in pharmaceutical supply chain using blockchain-based architectures. In Sustainable and energy efficient computing paradigms for society 2020 Sep 1 (pp. 1-31). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
2.
Mishra R, Ramesh D, Mohammad N, Mondal B. Blockchain enabled secure pharmaceutical supply chain framework with traceability: An efficient searchable pharmachain approach. Cluster Computing. 2024 Dec;27(10):13621-41.
3.
Yang C, Lan S, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Wu W, Huang GQ. Edge-cloud blockchain and IoE-enabled quality management platform for perishable supply chain logistics. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2022 Jan 11;10(4):3264-75.
4.
BSreenu M, Gupta N, Jatoth C, Saad A, Alharbi A, Nkenyereye L. Blockchain based secure and reliable Cyber Physical ecosystem for vaccine supply chain. Computer Communications. 2022 Jul 1;191:173-83.
5.
Mani V, Prakash M, Lai WC. Cloud-based blockchain technology to identify counterfeits. Journal of Cloud Computing. 2022 Oct 20;11(1):67.
6.
Nawale SD, Konapure RR. Blockchain & IoT based drugs traceability for pharma industry. In2021 IEEE international conference on engineering, technology and innovation (ICE/ITMC) 2021 Jun 21 (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
7.
Nanda SK, Panda SK, Dash M. Medical supply chain integrated with blockchain and IoT to track the logistics of Multimedia Tools and Applications. 2023 Sep;82(21):32917-39.
8.
Amin MR, Akhtar N, Hoque ME, Nabil AR, Hossain KM. Blockchain-Enabled Traceability in Pharmaceutical Supply Chains: An Integrated Engineering and It Management Framework for Regulatory Compliance and Pandemic Resilience. Journal of Computer Science and Technology Studies. 2025 Oct 17;7(10):343-56.
9.
Lahjouji M, el Alami J, Hlyal M. Blockchain Applications for Improving Track and Trace Process on Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. In International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development 2020 Dec 21 (pp. 471-493). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
10.
Sahoo S. Blockchain-enabled traceability systems for supply chain quality management: empirical insights from pharmaceutical manufacturers. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management. 2025 Apr 16;42(5):1381-410.
11.
Sunny J, Undralla N, Pillai VM. Supply chain transparency through blockchain-based traceability: An overview with demonstration. Computers & industrial engineering. 2020 Dec 1;150:106895.
12.
Mezquita Y, Podgorelec B, Gil-González AB, Corchado JM. Blockchain-based supply chain systems, interoperability model in a pharmaceutical case study. Sensors. 2023 Feb 9;23(4):1962.
13.
Kutybayeva K, Razaque A, Rai HM. Enhancing Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Transparency and Security with Blockchain and Big Data Integration. Procedia Computer Science. 2025 Jan 1;259:1511-22.
14.
Haji M, Kerbache L, Sheriff KM, Al-Ansari T. Critical success factors and traceability technologies for establishing a safe pharmaceutical supply chain. Methods and Protocols. 2021 Nov 22;4(4):85.
15.
Chiacchio F, D’Urso D, Oliveri LM, Spitaleri A, Spampinato C, Giordano D. A non-fungible token solution for the track and trace of pharmaceutical supply chain. Applied Sciences. 2022 Apr 15;12(8):4019.
16.
Abdallah S, Nizamuddin N. Blockchain-based solution for pharma supply chain industry. Computers & Industrial Engineering. 2023 Mar 1;177:108997.
17.
Abidin AA, Alamsyah A, Irawan H. Blockchain for traceability and security in pharmaceutical supply chain. In2024 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT) 2024 Jul 4 (pp. 235-240). IEEE.
18.
EWong EK, Ting HY, Atanda AF. Enhancing supply chain traceability through blockchain and IoT integration: A comprehensive review. Green Intelligent Systems and Applications. 2024 Feb 6;4(1):11-28.
19.
Padma A, Ramaiah M. Blockchain based solution for secure information sharing in pharma supply chain management. Heliyon. 2024 Nov 30;10(22).
20.
Agarwal U, Rishiwal V, Tanwar S, Chaudhary R, Sharma G, Bokoro PN, Sharma R. Blockchain technology for secure supply chain management: A comprehensive review. Ieee Access. 2022 Jul 27;10:85493-517.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
,
